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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Intraperitoneal injection</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">IP injection</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=54.96&Submit=Search&action=search">54.96</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=54.97&Submit=Search&action=search">54.97</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Intraperitoneal injection</b> or <b>IP injection</b> is the injection of a substance into the <a href="Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a> (body cavity). It is more often applied to non-human animals than to humans. In general, it is preferred when large amounts of blood replacement fluids are needed or when low blood pressure or other problems prevent the use of a suitable blood vessel for <a href="Intravenous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous injection">intravenous injection</a>.

</p><p>In humans, the method is widely used to administer <a href="Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> drugs to treat some <a href="Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>, particularly <a href="Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a>. Although controversial, intraperitoneal use in ovarian cancer has been recommended as a <a href="Standard_of_care" title="Standard of care">standard of care</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18006894_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18006894-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluids are injected intraperitoneally in infants, also used for <a href="Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">peritoneal dialysis</a>.

</p><p>Intraperitoneal injections are a way to administer therapeutics and drugs through a peritoneal route (body cavity). They are one of the few ways drugs can be administered through injection, and have uses in research involving animals, drug administration to treat ovarian cancers, and much more. Understanding when intraperitoneal injections can be utilized and in what applications is beneficial to advance current drug delivery methods and provide avenues for further research. The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection.<sup id="cite_ref-Laferriere_Pang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laferriere_Pang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intraperitoneal injections can be similar to oral administration in that hepatic metabolism could occur in both.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>There are few accounts of the use of intraperitoneal injections prior to 1970. One of the earliest recorded uses of IP injections involved the insemination of a guinea-pig in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study however did not find an increase in conception rate when compared to mating. In that same year, a study injected egg whites intraperitoneally into rats to study changes in "droplet" fractions in kidney cells. The study showed that the number of small droplets decreased after administration of the egg whites, indicating that they have been changed to large droplets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, a study delivered chemical agents such as acetic acid, bradykinin, and kaolin to mice intraperitoneally in order to study a "squirming" response.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, the production of amnesia was studied through an injection of physostigmine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, melatonin was delivered to rats intraperitoneally in order to study how brain <a href="Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a> would be affected in the midbrain.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, errors depending on a variety of techniques of administering IP injections were analyzed, and a 12% error in placement was found when using a one-man procedure versus a 1.2% error when using a two-man procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A good example of how intraperitoneal injections work is depicted through "The distribution of salicylate in mouse tissues after intraperitoneal injection" because it includes information on how a drug can travel to the blood, liver, brain, kidney, heart, spleen, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle once it has been injected intraperitoneally.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>These early uses of Intraperitoneal injections provide good examples of how the delivery method can be used, and provides a base for future studies on how to properly inject mice for research.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_humans">Use in humans</h2></div>

<p>Currently, there are a handful of drugs that are delivered through intraperitoneal injection for chemotherapy. They are mitomycin C, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, premetrexed, and melphalan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There needs to be more research done to determine appropriate dosing and combinations of these drugs to advance intraperitoneal drug delivery.

</p><p>There are few examples of the use of intraperitoneal injections in humans cited in literature because it is mainly used to study the effects of drugs in mice. The few examples that do exist pertain to the treatment of pancreatic/ovarian cancers and injections of other drugs in clinical trials. One study utilized IP injections to study pain in the abdomen after a hysterectomy when administering anesthetic continuously vs patient-controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results depicted that ketobemidone consumption was significantly lower when patients controlled anesthetic through IP. This led to the patients being able to be discharged earlier than when anesthesia was administered continuously. These findings could be advanced by studying how the route of injection affects the organs in the peritoneal cavity.

</p><p>In another Phase I clinical trial, patients with ovarian cancer were injected intraperitoneally with dl1520 in order to study the effects of a replication-competent/-selective virus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of this study were the onset of flu-like symptoms, emesis, and abdominal pain. The study overall defines appropriate doses and toxicity levels of dl1520 when injected intraperitoneally.

</p><p>One study attempted to diagnose <a href="Hepatic_hydrothorax" title="Hepatic hydrothorax">hepatic hydrothorax</a> with the use of injecting Sonazoid intraperitoneally. Sonazoid was utilized to aid with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography by enhancing the peritoneal and pleural cavities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study demonstrates how intraperitoneal injections can be used to help diagnose diseases by providing direct access to the peritoneal cavity and affecting the organs in the cavity.

</p><p>In a case of a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, it was reported that the patient was treated successfully through the use of an intraperitoneal injection of OK-432, which is an immunomodulatory agent.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patient was a 51-year-old male who was hospitalized. The delivery of OK-432 occurred a total of four times in a span of one week. The results of this IP injection were the disappearance of the ascites associated with the rupture. This case is a good example of how IP injections can be used to deliver a drug that can help to treat or cure a medical diagnosis over the use of other routes of delivery. The results set a precedent of how other drugs may be delivered in this way to treat other similar medical issues after further research.

</p><p>In 2018, a patient with stage IV ovarian cancer and peritoneal metastases was injected intraperitoneally with 12g of mixed cannabinoid before later being hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms of this included impairment of cognitive and psychomotor abilities. Because of the injection of cannabis, the patient was predicted to have some level of THC in the blood from absorption. This case presents the question of how THC is absorbed in the peritoneal cavity. It also shows how easily substances are absorbed through the peritoneal cavity after an IP injection.

</p><p>Overall, this section provides a few examples of the effects and uses of intraperitoneal injections in human patients. There are a variety of uses and possibilities for many more in the future with further research and approval.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_laboratory_animals">Use in laboratory animals</h2></div>

<p>Intraperitoneal injections are the preferred method of administration in many experimental studies due to the quick onset of effects post injection. This allows researchers to observe the effects of a drug in a shorter period of time, and allows them to study the effects of drugs on multiple organs that are in the peritoneal cavity at once. In order to effectively administer drugs through IP injections, the stomach of the animal is exposed, and the injection is given in the lower abdomen. The most efficient method to inject small animals is a two-person method where one holds the rodent and the other person injects the rodent at about 10 to 20 degrees in mice and 20 to 45 degrees in rats. The holder retains the arms of the animal and tilts the head lower than the abdomen to create optimal space in the peritoneal cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-Laferriere_Pang_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laferriere_Pang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There has been some debate on whether intraperitoneal injections are the best route of administration for experimental animal studies. It was concluded in a review article that utilizing IP injections to administer drugs to laboratory rodents in experimental studies is acceptable when being applied to proof-of-concept studies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A study was conducted to determine the best route of administration to transplant mesenchymal stem cells for colitis. This study compared intraperitoneal injections, intravenous injections, and anal injections. It was concluded that the intraperitoneal injection had the highest survival rate of 87.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study shows how intraperitoneal injections can be more effective and beneficial than other traditional routes of administration.

</p><p>One article reviews the injection of sodium pentobarbital to euthanize rodents intraperitoneally.<sup id="cite_ref-Laferriere_Pang_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laferriere_Pang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Killing the rodent through an intraperitoneal route was originally recommended over other routes such as inhalants because it was thought to be more efficient and ethical. The article overviews whether IP is the best option for euthanization based on evidence associated with welfare implications. It was concluded that there is evidence that IP may not be the best method of euthenasia due to possibilities of missinjection.

</p><p>Another example of how intraperitoneal injections are used in studies involving rodents is the use of IP for micro-CT contrast enhanced detection of liver tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">Contrast agents</a> were administered intraperitoneally instead of intravenously to avoid errors and challenges. It was determined that IP injections are a good option for Fenestra to quantify liver tumors in mice.

</p><p>An example of how intraperitoneal injections can be optimized is depicted in a study where IP injections are used to deliver anesthesia to mice. This study goes over the dosages, adverse effects, and more of using intraperitoneal injections of anesthesia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>An example of when intraperitoneal injections are not ideal is given in a study where the best route of administration was determined for cancer biotherapy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was concluded that IP administration should not be used over intravenous therapy due to high radiation absorption in the intestines. This shows an important limitation to the use of IP therapy.

</p><p>The provided examples show a variety of uses for intraperitoneal injections in animals for in vitro studies. Some of the examples depict situations where IP injections are not ideal, while others prove the advantageous uses if this delivery method. Overall, many studies utilize IP injections to deliver therapeutics to lab animals due to the efficiency of the administration route.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms650" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a>, <a href="Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage forms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a> (<a href="Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">Tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">Capsule</a></li>

<li><a href="Pastille" title="Pastille">Pastille</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_release_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time release technology">Time release technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system" title="Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system">Osmotic delivery system</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li>

<li><a href="Elixir" title="Elixir">Elixir</a></li>

<li><a href="Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li>

<li><a href="Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a></li>

<li><a href="Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li>

<li><a href="Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li>

<li><a href="Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li>

<li><a href="Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>, <a href="Supralingual_administration" title="Supralingual administration">supralingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li>

<li><a href="Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li>

<li><a href="Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li>

<li><a href="Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li>

<li><a href="Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li>

<li><a href="Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li>

<li><a href="Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li>

<li>Spray</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a> (<a href="Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dry-powder_inhaler" title="Dry-powder inhaler">Dry-powder inhaler</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><br><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li>

<li><a href="Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li>

<li><a href="Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li>

<li><a href="Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br><a href="Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li>

<li><a href="Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li>

<li><a href="Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li>

<li><a href="Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li>

<li><a href="Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li>

<li><a href="Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li>

<li><a href="Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li>

<li><a href="Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a>

<ul><li><a href="Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li>

<li><a href="Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li>

<li><a href="Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li>

<li><a href="Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li>

<li><a href="Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li>

<li><a href="Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li>

<li><a href="Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li>

<li><a href="Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">Transdermal patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li>

<li><a href="Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a href="Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injections</a></li><li><a href="Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a>

<ul><li><a href="Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li>

<li><a href="Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li>

<li><a href="Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Intracerebral</li>

<li><a href="Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li>

<li><a href="Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br><a href="Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li>

<li><a href="Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a></li>

<li><a href="Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li>

<li><a href="Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a> pump</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_GI_tract152" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">SGs</a> / <a href="Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">Esophagectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li>

<li><a href="Impedance%E2%80%93pH_monitoring" title="Impedance–pH monitoring">Impedance–pH monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">Esophageal pH monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">Esophageal motility study</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_Lumen_Imaging_Probe" title="Functional Lumen Imaging Probe">Functional Lumen Imaging Probe</a></li>

<li><a href="High_resolution_manometry" class="mw-redirect" title="High resolution manometry">High resolution manometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sengstaken%E2%80%93Blakemore_tube" title="Sengstaken–Blakemore tube">Sengstaken–Blakemore tube</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">Nasogastric tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">Adjustable gastric band</a></li>

<li><a href="Endoscopic_sleeve_gastroplasty" title="Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty">Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">Sleeve gastrectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery" title="Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery">Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Collis_gastroplasty" title="Collis gastroplasty">Collis gastroplasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">Gastrectomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Billroth_I" title="Billroth I">Billroth I</a></li>

<li><a href="Billroth_II" title="Billroth II">Billroth II</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastroenterostomy" title="Gastroenterostomy">Gastroenterostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastropexy" title="Gastropexy">Gastropexy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Esophagogastric_dissociation" title="Esophagogastric dissociation">Esophagogastric dissociation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hill_repair" title="Hill repair">Hill repair</a></li>

<li><a href="Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyloromyotomy" title="Pyloromyotomy">Pyloromyotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transnasal_esophagoscopy" title="Transnasal esophagoscopy">Transnasal esophagoscopy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallow</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Small_bowel120" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duodenal_switch" title="Duodenal switch">Duodenal switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Jejunoileal_bypass" title="Jejunoileal bypass">Jejunoileal bypass</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">Bowel resection</a></li>

<li><a href="Ileostomy" title="Ileostomy">Ileostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine transplantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jejunostomy" title="Jejunostomy">Jejunostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery" title="Partial ileal bypass surgery">Partial ileal bypass surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Large bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colostomy" title="Colostomy">Colostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hartmann's_operation" title="Hartmann's operation">Hartmann's operation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abdominoperineal_resection" title="Abdominoperineal resection">Abdominoperineal resection</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_anterior_resection" title="Lower anterior resection">Lower anterior resection</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_mesorectal_excision" title="Total mesorectal excision">Total mesorectal excision</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">Ventral rectopexy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anal_sphincterotomy" title="Anal sphincterotomy">Anal sphincterotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Anorectal_manometry" title="Anorectal manometry">Anorectal manometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_internal_sphincterotomy" title="Lateral internal sphincterotomy">Lateral internal sphincterotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_band_ligation" title="Rubber band ligation">Rubber band ligation</a></li>

<li><a href="Transanal_hemorrhoidal_dearterialization" title="Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization">Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>: <a href="Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Anoscopy" title="Anoscopy">Anoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">Capsule endoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">Enteroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">Proctoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a></li>

<li><a href="Defecography" title="Defecography">Defecography</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">Double-contrast barium enema</a></li>

<li><a href="Endoanal_ultrasound" title="Endoanal ultrasound">Endoanal ultrasound</a></li>

<li><a href="Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li>

<li><a href="Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a></li>

<li><a href="Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Transrectal ultrasonography</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fecal_fat_test" title="Fecal fat test">Fecal fat test</a></li>

<li><a href="Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">Fecal pH test</a></li>

<li><a href="Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">Stool guaiac test</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_extracorporeal_liver_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial extracorporeal liver support">Artificial extracorporeal liver support</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioartificial_liver_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioartificial liver device">Bioartificial liver devices</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">Liver dialysis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">Hepatectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">Liver biopsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transjugular_intrahepatic_portosystemic_shunt" title="Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt">Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Distal_splenorenal_shunt_procedure" title="Distal splenorenal shunt procedure">Distal splenorenal shunt procedure</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">Cholecystostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatoportoenterostomy" title="Hepatoportoenterostomy">Hepatoportoenterostomy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>: <a href="Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intravenous_cholangiography" title="Intravenous cholangiography">Intravenous cholangiography (IVC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" title="Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li>

<li><a href="Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frey's_procedure" title="Frey's procedure">Frey's procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas transplantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">Pancreatectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Pancreaticoduodenectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Puestow_procedure" title="Puestow procedure">Puestow procedure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peritoneum24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li>

<li><a href="Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">Laparoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Omentopexy" title="Omentopexy">Omentopexy</a></li>

<li><a href="Paracentesis" title="Paracentesis">Paracentesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">Peritoneal dialysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hernia_repair" title="Hernia repair">Hernia repair</a></li>

<li><a href="Inguinal_hernia_surgery" title="Inguinal hernia surgery">Inguinal hernia surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Femoral_hernia_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral hernia repair">Femoral hernia repair</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">Laparotomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">Exploratory laparotomy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">Rapid urease test</a> / <a href="Urea_breath_test" title="Urea breath test">Urea breath test</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pediatric_end-stage_liver_disease" title="Pediatric end-stage liver disease">Pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD)</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (UKELD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Child%E2%80%93Pugh_score" title="Child–Pugh score">Child–Pugh score</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranson_criteria" title="Ranson criteria">Ranson criteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Milan_criteria" title="Milan criteria">Milan criteria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-12" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Intraperitoneal_injection&oldid=1300078052">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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